Zika Virus: Symptoms, Transmission, and Prevention
The Zika virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. These mosquitoes typically bite during the daytime. In most individuals, Zika causes a very mild illness or no symptoms at all, meaning many people may not realize they have been infected.
The virus was first identified in Africa in 1947, but it gained global attention in 2015 when outbreaks occurred in several warm-climate countries.
How Can Someone Become Infected with the Zika Virus?
The most common way to contract Zika is through a mosquito bite while travelling in regions where the virus is present. However, infection can also occur through:
- Sexual contact with an infected individual
- Blood transfusions from an infected donor
- Transmission from a pregnant person to their unborn baby via the placenta
Because symptoms are often mild or absent, many individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus.
Signs and Symptoms of Zika Virus
In most cases, Zika infection is mild, and many people experience no symptoms at all. When symptoms do occur, they usually develop 3–12 days after a mosquito bite and may include:
- Mild fever
- Headache
- Itchy skin rash
- Muscle and joint pain
- Red, itchy, or painful eyes
- Fatigue or weakness
Less common symptoms include mild swelling of the legs and stomach upset. Symptoms usually resolve on their own within a few days.
Testing for Zika Virus
A blood test is used to confirm Zika infection. In pregnant individuals, urine testing may also be performed. Additional monitoring is often required during pregnancy due to the potential risks to the developing fetus.
Management and Care
There is no specific treatment for Zika virus. Management focuses on relieving symptoms:
- Rest and hydration
- Pain or fever relief using acetaminophen or ibuprofen
- Avoiding aspirin and NSAIDs until dengue fever is ruled out
Pregnant individuals require closer medical monitoring and follow-up testing to reduce the risk of complications.
Prevention and First Aid Awareness
Preventing mosquito bites is the most effective way to reduce the risk of Zika infection:
- Use insect repellents containing DEET
- Wear long sleeves and long pants in mosquito-prone areas
- Use screens or mosquito nets when sleeping
- Remove standing water around living areas
Understanding mosquito-borne illnesses and recognizing when medical care is needed are important components of first aid and travel safety education.
Important Training Disclaimer
This information is provided for educational and awareness purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Individuals who are pregnant, immunocompromised, or experiencing concerning symptoms should seek medical care promptly.
Learning how to recognize infectious illnesses, prevent environmental health risks, and respond appropriately is part of comprehensive first aid training.
St. Mark James Training, Canada’s largest 100% Canadian-owned and operated first aid and CPR training provider, offers nationally recognized courses that include illness prevention, emergency response, and public safety education across Canada.