Hemochromatosis: Understanding Iron Overload and Long-Term Health Risks

Hemochromatosis is a genetic condition in which the body absorbs too much iron from food. Over time, this excess iron accumulates in vital organs such as the liver, heart, and pancreas, leading to serious and potentially life-threatening damage if left untreated.

In Canada, hemochromatosis is commonly identified through blood testing, often before symptoms become severe. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and lifelong treatment allow most individuals to live full, healthy lives.

How Hemochromatosis Affects the Body

In people with hemochromatosis, the digestive system absorbs more iron than the body needs. Because the body has no natural way to remove excess iron, it builds up gradually and damages tissues and organs.

Without proper management, iron overload can lead to:

• Liver disease or cirrhosis

• Heart rhythm problems or heart failure

• Pancreatic damage leading to diabetes

• Hormonal imbalances

Understanding these risks is important not only for individuals with the condition, but also for first aiders and caregivers, as complications can contribute to medical emergencies.

Signs and Symptoms of Hemochromatosis

Many individuals do not experience symptoms in the early stages. Symptoms typically appear between the ages of 30 and 60, often after iron has already begun damaging organs.

Common symptoms include:

• Persistent fatigue or weakness

• Joint pain

• Abdominal pain

• Unexplained darkening or “bronzing” of the skin

As iron overload progresses, complications may include:

• Liver problems

• Thyroid disorders

• Heart issues

• Diabetes caused by pancreatic damage

• Loss of libido or erectile dysfunction

Diagnosis in Canada

Hemochromatosis is usually diagnosed through blood tests that measure iron levels. Because other conditions can also cause elevated iron, genetic testing is often required to confirm the diagnosis.

If liver damage is suspected, a liver biopsy or imaging may be used to assess severity.

If a close family member has been diagnosed, genetic screening is strongly recommended, as early detection prevents long-term complications.

Management and Long-Term Care

Although hemochromatosis cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed for life.

Common management strategies include:

• Regular blood removal (venesection / phlebotomy) to reduce iron levels

• Dietary adjustments when advised by a healthcare provider

• Avoiding vitamin C supplements, which increase iron absorption

• Reducing or avoiding alcohol, especially if liver damage is present

When treatment begins early, many symptoms improve and serious complications can be prevented.

Why This Matters in First Aid and Emergency Response

While hemochromatosis itself is not a first aid condition, its complications can lead to medical emergencies, including cardiac issues, diabetic emergencies, and liver-related illness.

This is why awareness of chronic conditions like hemochromatosis is emphasized in Intermediate and Advanced First Aid training, where responders learn to recognize underlying medical factors that influence emergency care.

Educational Disclaimer 
This information is provided for general education and awareness only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Chronic medical conditions such as hemochromatosis require ongoing care by qualified healthcare professionals. First aid training focuses on recognition and response, not diagnosis or long-term treatment.