Peptic Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

A peptic ulcer is an open sore that develops on the lining of the digestive tract. Ulcers most commonly form in the stomach (gastric ulcers) or in the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers).

Although peptic ulcers were once believed to be caused mainly by stress or spicy foods, most cases are linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or long-term use of certain medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to serious, life-threatening complications, including bleeding or perforation. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, promoting healing, and preventing recurrence.

Common Symptoms of a Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcer symptoms vary from person to person and may include:

Burning or gnawing stomach pain
Pain that worsens on an empty stomach
Bloating or indigestion
Nausea or vomiting
Loss of appetite

⚠️ Seek medical attention immediately if symptoms include black stools, vomiting blood, sudden severe abdominal pain, or dizziness—these may indicate bleeding or perforation.

Common Remedies and Treatments for Peptic Ulcers

Treatment depends on the cause, severity, and presence of complications.

Medications That Coat and Protect the Stomach

For mild or intermittent symptoms, medications that protect the stomach lining may provide relief:

Bismuth subsalicylate (over-the-counter) coats the ulcer and shields it from stomach acid
Sucralfate (prescription) binds to stomach acid and forms a protective paste-like barrier over the ulcer

These medications do not cure the ulcer but help reduce irritation while healing occurs.

Antacids

Antacids work by neutralizing stomach acid, making it less irritating to the ulcer.

Common antacids include:

Sodium bicarbonate
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium oxide
Aluminum carbonate
Aluminum hydroxide

Antacids may relieve symptoms but do not treat the underlying cause of peptic ulcers.

Acid-Reducing Medications

These medications reduce acid production and allow ulcers to heal more effectively.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Block acid production by shutting down proton pumps in the stomach
Commonly used for both gastric and duodenal ulcers

Histamine-2 (H2) Blockers

Prevent histamine from stimulating acid-producing cells
Reduce overall stomach acid levels

Antibiotics for H. pylori

Because H. pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ulcers, antibiotics are essential when the bacteria is present.

Common antibiotics include:

Metronidazole
Tetracycline

Completing the full course is critical to prevent recurrence and complications.

Surgery (Rare Cases)

Due to the effectiveness of modern medications, surgery is rarely required. It may be necessary if complications occur, such as:

Bleeding that cannot be controlled
Intestinal obstruction
Perforation of the stomach or intestine

First Aid & Medical Disclaimer

This information is provided for educational and first aid awareness purposes only and does not replace medical diagnosis or treatment. Peptic ulcers can lead to serious complications if untreated and should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Understanding digestive emergencies, internal bleeding signs, and when to seek urgent care is a key component of First Aid and CPR training in Canada.