Degenerative Disc Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Management

Degenerative disc disease is a term used to describe age-related changes in the spinal discs. These discs are soft, flexible cushions located between the vertebrae of the spine. Their role is to absorb shock and allow the spine to bend, twist, and move safely.

Degenerative disc disease can affect any part of the spine, but it most commonly develops in the lower back (lumbar spine) and neck (cervical spine). While the condition is common as people age, not everyone experiences pain or mobility issues.

As the discs break down over time, degenerative disc disease may contribute to related spinal conditions such as:

• Herniated or bulging discs

• Osteoarthritis of the spine

• Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal)

Causes of Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative disc disease develops gradually and is most often associated with aging. Common changes include:

• Loss of fluid in the discs, making them thinner and less effective at absorbing shock
• Reduced disc elasticity, limiting flexibility and movement
• Small cracks or tears in the outer layer of the disc, which may allow the inner material to bulge or rupture

Certain factors can increase the likelihood of symptoms, including:

• Smoking
• Repetitive heavy lifting
• Physically demanding work
• Previous spinal injuries

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of degenerative disc disease vary widely from person to person. Some individuals experience little to no discomfort, while others may develop chronic pain that interferes with daily activities.

Common symptoms include:

• Persistent or intermittent neck or back pain
• Pain that worsens with bending, twisting, lifting, or prolonged sitting
• Pain that improves with rest or position changes
• Radiating pain into the arms, legs, or buttocks depending on disc location
• Occasional numbness or tingling in the limbs

Management and Treatment

Treatment for degenerative disc disease focuses on pain relief, mobility, and injury prevention.

Common management strategies include:

• Applying heat or cold therapy to reduce pain and stiffness
• Over-the-counter pain relievers or NSAIDs, as recommended by a healthcare professional
• Physiotherapy to improve strength, posture, and flexibility
• Education on safe lifting techniques and body mechanics

If complications such as herniated discs or spinal stenosis develop, additional medical treatment may be required. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be considered.

Disclaimer

Disclaimer
The information provided on this page is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for persistent pain, worsening symptoms, or medical concerns. Call 911 in an emergency.

To learn how to recognize injuries, manage pain-related emergencies, and respond safely in real-life situations, consider enrolling in a First Aid and CPR course with St. Mark James Training, Canada’s largest 100% Canadian-owned and operated first aid and CPR training provider.