Chilblains: Symptoms, Causes & First Aid Treatment | Canada
Chilblains (Cold-Induced Skin Inflammation)
Chilblains are small, painful, itchy red or purple swellings on the skin caused by an abnormal reaction to cold exposure. They most commonly affect areas of the body that are exposed to cold temperatures, including the fingers, toes, nose, ears, and earlobes. In some cases, chilblains can also develop on the lower legs, heels, or thighs.
Chilblains are relatively common in Canada, particularly during cold and damp winter months. While the exact reason some people develop chilblains and others do not is not fully understood, the condition is linked to changes in small blood vessels beneath the skin.
When skin becomes very cold, small blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow. As the skin warms up again, these blood vessels may leak fluid into surrounding tissues, causing inflammation, swelling, redness, and discomfort.
Signs and Symptoms of Chilblains
Chilblains usually develop several hours after exposure to cold. A single lesion may appear, or multiple areas may form and merge into larger swollen patches.
Common symptoms include:
- Itching and burning sensation
- Red or purple discolouration of the skin
- Tenderness and pain over affected areas
- Swelling of fingers, toes, ears, or nose
- In some cases, blistering or skin breakdown
- Occasionally, small ulcers may form, increasing the risk of infection
Most episodes last about 7–14 days and resolve once the skin remains warm. Some individuals experience recurrent chilblains throughout the winter season.
Management and Treatment
Chilblains usually heal on their own if further cold exposure is avoided. Treatment focuses on symptom relief and prevention.
Recommended measures include:
- Keep affected areas warm using gloves, socks, hats, and layered clothing
- Avoid sudden rewarming (such as hot water directly on cold skin)
- Stay indoors during extreme cold when possible
- Stop smoking, as nicotine restricts blood vessels and worsens symptoms
Medications are not usually required. However, in persistent or severe cases, a doctor may prescribe nifedipine, a medication that improves blood flow by relaxing small blood vessels. This may be used either to treat prolonged chilblains or prevent recurrent episodes during winter.
Important First Aid Disclaimer
This information is provided for educational and awareness purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Chilblains and other cold-related injuries can sometimes lead to infection or complications, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions. If symptoms worsen, do not heal, or signs of infection appear, seek medical care promptly.
To learn how to recognize, prevent, and manage cold-related injuries such as chilblains, hypothermia, and frostbite, consider enrolling in a first aid and CPR course with St. Mark James Training, Canada’s largest 100% Canadian-owned and operated first aid and CPR training provider.