Leptospirosis: Awareness, Symptoms, and Prevention in Canada

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. These bacteria commonly infect both wild and domestic animals, including rodents, livestock, and pets. The bacteria are shed through animal urine and can survive in soil or freshwater for weeks or even months under the right conditions.

In Canada, human infection most often occurs through outdoor activities, particularly swimming, canoeing, or wading in contaminated lakes, rivers, or floodwaters. The bacteria can enter the body through broken skin, the eyes, nose, or mouth, or by swallowing contaminated water.

Symptoms usually begin about one week after exposure, though onset can take up to a month.

Common Signs and Symptoms

Early symptoms of leptospirosis can resemble other viral or flu-like illnesses and may include:

• Fever and chills
• Headache
• Red or irritated eyes
• Muscle soreness, particularly in the back and calves
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Skin rash, often appearing on the shins

Symptoms may last 3–7 days, followed by a brief period of improvement. In some cases, a second phase occurs where fever returns along with more severe symptoms.

Possible Complications

If left untreated, leptospirosis can become serious. Complications may include:

• Liver infection with yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Kidney failure
• Bleeding disorders
• Irregular heart rhythms
• Meningitis (inflammation of the brain’s protective lining)
• Severe lung involvement

While most people recover fully with treatment, severe cases may lead to long-term health effects. Rarely, the disease can be fatal.

What to Do if Exposure Is Suspected

Anyone — especially children — who develops symptoms after potential exposure to contaminated water or soil should seek medical care promptly.

Diagnosis is typically confirmed through blood testing. Treatment involves antibiotics, which are most effective when started early. Mild cases may be treated at home, while severe cases may require hospitalization.

Prevention and First Aid Awareness

There is no approved human vaccine for leptospirosis in Canada, making prevention especially important.

Helpful prevention steps include:

• Practising good hand hygiene
• Avoiding contact with animal urine
• Keeping children away from stagnant or muddy water
• Covering cuts or abrasions before outdoor water activities
• Ensuring pets are vaccinated where applicable

First aid and safety training helps Canadians recognize environmental risks, practise hygiene, and understand when medical care is needed.

Educational Disclaimer

This content is provided for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. For hands-on learning related to illness recognition, hygiene practices, and emergency response, formal first aid training is recommended.