Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and First Aid Care

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that causes painful sores in or around the mouth and a rash or blisters on the hands, feet, legs, and sometimes the buttocks.

The condition mainly affects infants and young children, but adults can also become infected. HFMD usually resolves on its own within 7–10 days and is most common in summer and early fall in Canada.

What Causes Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

HFMD is caused by an enterovirus, most commonly the coxsackievirus.

The virus spreads easily through:

• Coughing and sneezing
• Direct contact with saliva or nasal secretions
• Contact with infected stool (e.g., diaper changes)
• Touching contaminated surfaces or toys, then touching the mouth

Symptoms typically appear 3–6 days after exposure.

Signs and Symptoms

HFMD often begins with mild flu-like symptoms before the rash appears.

Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue or low energy
• Sore throat
• Fever (usually 38.5–39.5°C)
• Reduced appetite

After one or two days:

• Painful sores or blisters develop in or around the mouth
• A rash or blisters appear on the hands, feet, legs, or buttocks

Blisters may break open and crust over. Most children recover fully within about one week.

First Aid Management and Home Care

HFMD usually does not require medical treatment, but first aid measures can help relieve discomfort:

• Encourage cool fluids to soothe mouth sores
• Ice cream or frozen treats can help reduce pain
• Avoid spicy, salty, or acidic foods and drinks
• Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain or fever (follow age-appropriate dosing)
• Do not give aspirin to children

If symptoms worsen, hydration becomes difficult, or fever persists, consult a healthcare professional.

Preventing the Spread of HFMD

Children are most contagious during the first week, but the virus can remain in stool for several weeks or months.

Prevention strategies include:

• Frequent handwashing, especially after diaper changes
• Cleaning and disinfecting toys and shared surfaces
• Avoiding sharing utensils, cups, or toys
• Keeping infected children home from daycare or school as advised
• Informing childcare or school staff about the illness

First Aid Education for Caregivers

Understanding how common childhood illnesses spread helps caregivers reduce risk and respond appropriately. First aid training teaches:

• Infection control basics
• When symptoms can be managed at home
• When medical care is needed

Educational Disclaimer

This information is for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Proper first aid training improves confidence in managing childhood illnesses safely.