Dry Eye Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Dry eye syndrome occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when tears evaporate too quickly to properly lubricate the eyes. Tears are essential for eye comfort, clear vision, and protection against infection. When tear production or quality is disrupted, dryness and irritation can develop.

Dry eye syndrome may occur if the lacrimal (tear) glands are impaired or if environmental and lifestyle factors interfere with normal tear function.

Risk Factors for Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry eye symptoms can be caused or worsened by several factors, including:

Certain medications (such as antihistamines or antidepressants)
Normal age-related decline in tear production
Hormonal changes, particularly reduced estrogen levels
Eye injuries or previous eye surgery
Direct airflow from fans or hair dryers
Wearing soft contact lenses that absorb moisture
Prolonged exposure to air-conditioned or heated indoor environments
Dusty, windy, smoky, dry, or warm weather conditions
Reduced blinking during activities such as screen use, reading, or driving

Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry eye syndrome usually causes mild to moderate eye irritation, but symptoms can worsen if left untreated. Common signs include:

Burning or stinging sensation in the eyes
Feeling of grit or a foreign body in the eye
Redness
Sensitivity to light
Blurred vision that improves with blinking
Eye fatigue

If untreated, dry eyes can increase the risk of eye infections and, in severe cases, lead to damage to the surface of the eye.

Diagnosis

Anyone experiencing persistent dry eye symptoms should consult a healthcare professional. A doctor will review medical and eye history and perform an eye examination. You may be asked about symptoms such as burning, irritation, or light sensitivity, as well as environmental or lifestyle factors that may contribute to dryness.

Management and Treatment

Allow the eyes to rest by taking a break from the TV, books or computer screen.

The goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms, prevent eye damage, and lower the risk of infection.

Mild dry eye syndrome is commonly managed with:

Lubricating eye drops or artificial tears (preferably preservative-free)
Increasing blink frequency
Taking regular breaks from screens and reading
Drinking 6–8 glasses of water daily to stay hydrated
Wearing sunglasses to protect eyes from wind and sun
Switching from contact lenses to glasses when possible
Reducing exposure to smoke, air conditioning, or dry indoor air

Artificial tears do not cure dry eye syndrome but can provide temporary relief by moisturizing the eyes.

Moderate to severe cases may require:

Prescription anti-inflammatory eye drops or short courses of steroid drops
Medications that increase tear production
Temporary or permanent tear duct plugs to reduce tear drainage

Treatment plans should always be guided by a healthcare professional.

Educational Disclaimer

This article is intended for educational and first aid awareness purposes only and does not replace medical advice or diagnosis. Dry eye syndrome may require assessment by a healthcare professional. To learn more about eye-related emergencies, symptom recognition, and first aid care, consider enrolling in a first aid and CPR course with St. Mark James Training, Canada’s largest 100% Canadian-owned and operated first aid and CPR training provider.