Broken Jaw (Mandibular Fracture): Signs, Causes, and First Aid

A broken jaw, also known as a mandibular fracture, is a common facial injury, second only to nasal fractures. In most cases, a broken jaw is caused by a direct blow or trauma to the jawbone. Because the jaw plays a critical role in breathing, speaking, and eating, this injury always requires medical assessment.

Common Causes of a Broken Jaw

A broken jaw can occur in many everyday and high-risk situations, including:

• Assault or physical altercation

• Motor vehicle or cycling accidents

• Falls, especially onto the chin or face

• Sports injuries (hockey, football, martial arts)

Signs and Symptoms of a Broken Jaw

An individual with a broken jaw may experience one or more of the following:

• Jaw pain, often severe

• Sensation that the teeth do not fit together properly

• Difficulty opening or closing the mouth

• Problems speaking clearly

• Swelling of the jaw or face

• Numbness of the lower lip or chin due to nerve damage within the mandible

• Bleeding inside the mouth

• Bruising under the tongue

• Misalignment or movement of teeth

• Blood or a wound inside the ear canal

These symptoms strongly suggest a fracture and should never be ignored.

When to Seek Medical Care

A doctor or emergency department should be consulted immediately if:

• The individual has sustained facial trauma

• Teeth no longer align normally

• There is swelling inside the mouth or face

• Speaking is difficult

• There is visible deformity or swelling

⚠️ Important:
A serious complication of a broken jaw is airway obstruction. If the jaw no longer supports the tongue properly, it can fall backward and interfere with breathing. Any breathing difficulty is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention.

First Aid and Care Before Medical Assessment

If a broken jaw is suspected:

• Seek medical care immediately

• Apply a cold pack or ice wrapped in cloth to reduce swelling

• Encourage the individual to remain still

• Use a paper cup or cloth if drooling or bleeding occurs

• Do not attempt to realign the jaw

• Do not give food or drink

This type of injury must be assessed in a healthcare facility—home treatment alone is not sufficient.

First Aid Education Disclaimer

This information is provided for learning and first aid awareness purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical assessment or treatment. Broken jaw injuries require evaluation by a healthcare professional. Learning to recognize serious facial injuries is an important part of first aid training.