Intussusception in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Emergency Treatment

Intussusception occurs when one segment of the intestine slides into another, much like a telescope collapsing inward. This causes a bowel obstruction and can significantly reduce blood flow to the affected portion of the intestine.

In Canada, intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal blockage in infants and young children between 3 months and 3 years of age. Boys are affected more often than girls. In most cases involving infants and toddlers, no clear cause is identified.

Among older children, intussusception is less common and is more likely triggered by a physical abnormality within the intestine, such as:

• A tumor

• A polyp

• Meckel diverticulum

Sometimes, the intestine returns to its normal position on its own. However, if the telescoping continues, it can block the bowel entirely and cut off blood supply, leading to tissue death. When this happens, bacteria may leak into the abdominal cavity, causing a life-threatening infection.

Signs and Symptoms of Intussusception

Intussusception often begins suddenly in a child who was previously healthy.

Common early symptoms include:

• Sudden, severe abdominal pain

• Repeated vomiting

• Episodes of pain lasting 15–20 minutes, with the child appearing well in between

As the condition progresses and blood flow becomes compromised, symptoms may worsen:

• Constant abdominal pain

• Extreme irritability or lethargy

• “Currant jelly” stools (stool mixed with blood and mucus)

• Fever

In some cases, a healthcare provider may feel a sausage-shaped mass in the abdomen during examination.

Diagnosis

Doctors may suspect intussusception based on symptoms and physical findings. To confirm the diagnosis, an ultrasound is usually performed, as it is safe, fast, and highly effective for children.

Emergency Management and Treatment

If intussusception is confirmed, treatment must be provided promptly.

Air Enema (Non-Surgical Treatment)

• Air is gently introduced into the rectum using a small tube

• X-ray imaging guides the procedure

• Air pressure often pushes the intestine back into its normal position

If successful:

• The child is typically observed in hospital overnight

• Most children can return home the next day

• Parents are advised to monitor closely, as recurrence can occur within 1–2 days

Once treated with an air enema, intussusception can recur in 5–10% of children.

When Surgery Is Required

Surgery is necessary if:

• The intestine has perforated

• The air enema fails

• Intussusception recurs

• A physical abnormality is suspected

During surgery, doctors correct the telescoping bowel and inspect for underlying causes such as tumors or polyps.

Why Intussusception Matters in First Aid & Child Safety

Intussusception is a medical emergency. Delayed treatment can lead to:

• Intestinal perforation

• Severe infection (peritonitis)

• Shock

For parents, caregivers, educators, and first aiders in Canada, recognizing sudden abdominal pain, vomiting, and lethargy in infants and toddlers is critical. Pediatric first aid training emphasizes early recognition and rapid medical response, which can be lifesaving.

Important Disclaimer

Educational Information Only
This content is provided for general health education and first aid awareness in Canada. It is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment. Any child with sudden abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stools, or lethargy must receive immediate medical assessment. If intussusception is suspected, call emergency services or proceed to the nearest emergency department without delay.