Dry Drowning and Secondary Drowning in Children: What Canadians Need to Know
Dry drowning and secondary drowning are terms often used to describe delayed breathing complications that can occur after a child has been in the water. Although these conditions are rare, it is important for parents, caregivers, and first aiders in Canada to recognize the warning signs and know when to seek medical care.
These conditions can occur when water is inhaled during swimming, splashing, or being submerged, even briefly. This may happen during a struggle in the water, accidental dunking, or water entering the mouth while playing.
Understanding the Difference
Dry drowning occurs when water exposure causes the vocal cords to spasm and close, restricting airflow without water entering the lungs. This can lead to breathing difficulty shortly after leaving the water.
Secondary drowning (sometimes called delayed drowning) happens when small amounts of water enter the lungs, leading to irritation and fluid buildup (pulmonary edema). Symptoms may appear 1 to 24 hours after the incident.
Dry drowning can occur in adults, but children are more vulnerable due to smaller airways and developing respiratory systems.
Signs and Symptoms to Watch For
Symptoms can appear shortly after water exposure or develop gradually over several hours.
Common warning signs include:
- Persistent coughing
- Chest pain or tightness
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
- Extreme tiredness or lethargy
- Unusual irritability or behavioural changes
- Appearing drowsy or “not acting like themselves”
Behavioural changes may indicate the brain is not receiving enough oxygen, which requires prompt medical attention.
What to Do if Dry or Secondary Drowning Is Suspected
If a child shows any breathing difficulty or unusual symptoms after being in the water, seek medical care immediately. While many mild cases resolve on their own, early assessment is critical to rule out serious complications.
Parents and caregivers should monitor children for at least 24 hours following a water-related incident, even if the child initially seems fine.
If symptoms worsen or do not improve:
- Go to the nearest emergency department
- Call emergency services if breathing becomes laboured or the child is difficult to wake
In a hospital setting, care focuses on:
- Monitoring oxygen levels
- Ensuring the airway remains open
- Providing oxygen support if needed
There is no medication that treats dry or secondary drowning directly; treatment is supportive and time-sensitive.
First Aid Training and Water Safety in Canada
Water-related emergencies are a key focus of Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced First Aid training in Canada. These courses teach participants how to:
- Recognize delayed breathing emergencies
- Monitor children after water exposure
- Respond appropriately and confidently
- Know when to escalate care and call emergency services
Medical & Educational Disclaimer:
This information is provided for general education and first aid awareness only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek immediate medical attention if a child shows breathing difficulties after water exposure. To properly recognize and respond to water-related emergencies, Canadians are encouraged to complete an approved first aid and CPR course with a certified training provider.