Chickenpox (Varicella): Symptoms, Spread, and Care for Children

Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Before routine vaccination, it was very common in childhood. In Canada, widespread immunization has greatly reduced cases, but chickenpox can still occur—especially in children who have not been vaccinated.

Chickenpox most often appears in late winter and early spring. Symptoms usually develop 10 to 21 days after exposure to someone who is infected.

This article is for general education and family health awareness. It does not replace medical advice or professional care.

How Chickenpox Spreads

Chickenpox spreads easily through:

Direct contact with the rash or fluid from blisters
Airborne droplets from coughing, sneezing, or breathing
Exposure to someone with shingles (herpes zoster), which is a reactivation of the same virus

A child with chickenpox is contagious 1–2 days before the rash appears, which means exposure can occur before anyone realizes the illness is present.

How Symptoms Develop

Early symptoms are often mild and may include:

Low-grade fever
Reduced appetite
Tiredness or lower activity levels

After one to two days, an itchy rash appears.

Rash Progression

Small red bumps begin on the scalp, face, and torso
The rash spreads to the arms and legs
Bumps turn into fluid-filled blisters
Blisters become cloudy, then open
Scabs form within about 24 hours

New spots may continue to appear for up to four days. A child is no longer contagious once all blisters have crusted over, usually within about six days. Complete healing of scabs can take one to two weeks.

After infection, most children develop long-lasting immunity.

Treatment and Comfort Care

Most healthy children experience a mild illness and recover at home. Treatment focuses on comfort and symptom relief.

Common supportive care includes:

Encouraging fluids to prevent dehydration
Using age-appropriate pain or fever relief as directed
Applying calamine lotion to soothe itching
Giving oatmeal baths to relieve skin irritation
Keeping fingernails short to reduce skin injury from scratching
Dressing children in loose, breathable clothing

There is no cure for chickenpox, but these steps can help reduce discomfort and complications.

Antiviral Medication

An antiviral medication may be prescribed for children at higher risk of severe illness, including those who:

Have chronic lung conditions
Take steroid medications
Have weakened immune systems

When started early, antiviral treatment can reduce the severity and length of symptoms.

When to Seek Medical Advice

Contact a healthcare provider if a child with chickenpox develops:

Blisters that become very red, painful, or drain pus
A high fever lasting more than a few days
Severe lethargy or inconsolable behaviour
Swollen or tender glands
Difficulty drinking fluids or signs of dehydration

Prompt assessment helps prevent complications.

Prevention Through Vaccination

Chickenpox vaccination has dramatically reduced illness in Canada. If a child receives the vaccine within a few days after exposure, it may prevent infection or reduce symptom severity.

Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect children and vulnerable individuals.

Educational Note

This article is provided for learning and health awareness purposes only. It is not intended to diagnose or treat illness. Always consult a healthcare professional if you are concerned about a child’s symptoms or recovery.